The association of polypoid growth pattern with lymphnode involvement in endometrioid type endometrial adenocarcinoma

Background: Tumor size is an independent predictor of lymph node metastasis and survival in the endometrioid type endometrial adenocarcinoma (EC). However, some of the ECs tend to grow towards the cavity in the polypoid pattern, which can reach very large sizes. In this study, we aimed to analyze the association of growing in the polypoid pattern of the tumor with the proportion of lymph node metastasis and extrauterine tumor spread. Methods: Four hundred seven patients were analyzed retrospectively. The effect of tumor size, tumor growing pattern, myometrial invasion, grade, and lymphovascular space invasion on the lymph node metastasis and extrauterine tumor spread were investigated. Statistical analysis consisted of unpaired t?tests for parametric data and Mann Whitney?U test for non?parametric data, whereas the Chi?square test for categorical variables. Logistic Regression, Cox Regression and multivariate analysis were used to estimate the risk predictors. Results: No association was found between the growing in polypoid pattern and lymph node metastasis (P > 0.05). In the analysis of endometrioid type EC patients who had myometrial invasion less than � as a subgroup, no association was found between the growing pattern and lymph node metastasis and extrauterine disease. Tumor size was found to be a statistically significant predictor of lymph node metastasis and extrauterine disease (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Lymphovascular space invasion, grade, and myometrial invasion are associated with a higher proportion of lymph node metastasis. The polypoid growth pattern of the tumor does not correlate with any histopathological parameters

Vegetation geography of western part of Elmacik mountain, Turkey.

The study examines the western part of Elmacik mountain from the perspective of vegetation geography. Research area is within the phytogeographical region of Euro-Siberian that is among the flora and phytogeographical region of Turkey. According to Turkey’s grid square system, the research area is located in the A3 square. The main elements of forest formation consist of Fagus orientalis, Abies nordmanniana subspp. bornmuelleriana, Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana, Pinus sylvestris, Quercus spp., Platanus orientalis and Tilia argentea. Humid forests are dominant and the main elements of shrub formation consist of Buxus sempervirens, Rubus sanctus and especially Rhododendron ponticum subsp. ponticum. The main herbaceous formation area consists of Digitalis ferruginea subsp. ferruginea, Fragaria vesca, Euphorbia falcata, Crocus colchicum kotschyi and Verbascum sp. Distribution of natural vegetation varies due to climate, soils and morphologic character and of the research area. This situation was examined and defined by applying field surveys and geographical information systems.